SOAL:
1. Sebutkan teori etika yang anda ketahui selain yang sudah dijelaskan minimal 3?
JAWAB :
Deontologi
Istilah deontologi berasal dari kata Yunani ‘deon’ yang berarti kewajiban.
‘Mengapa perbuatan ini baik dan perbuatan itu harus ditolak sebagai buruk’, deontologi menjawab : ‘karena perbuatan pertama menjadi kewajiban kita dan karena perbuatan kedua dilarang’.
Yang menjadi dasar baik buruknya perbuatan adalah kewajiban.
Pendekatan deontologi sudah diterima dalam konteks agama, sekarang merupakan juga salah satu teori etika yang terpenting.
Ada tiga prinsip yg harus dipenuhi :
(1) Supaya tindakan punya nilai moral, tindakan ini harus dijalankan berdasarkan kewajiban.
(2) Nilai moral dari tindakan ini tidak tergantung pada tercapainya tujuan dari tindakan itu melainkan tergantung pada kemauan baik yang mendorong seseorang untuk melakukan tindakan itu, berarti kalaupun tujuan tidak tercapai, tindakan itu sudah dinilai baik.
(3) Sebagai konsekuensi dari kedua prinsip ini, kewajiban adalah hal yang niscaya dari tindakan yang dilakukan berdasarkan sikap hormat pada hukum moral universal.
Bagi Kant, Hukum Moral ini dianggapnya sbg perintah tak bersyarat (imperatif kategoris), yg berarti hukum moral ini berlaku bagi semua orang pada segala situasi dan tempat.
Perintah Bersyarat adalah perintah yg dilaksanakan kalau orang menghendaki akibatnya, atau kalau akibat dari tindakan itu mrpk hal yg diinginkan dan dikehendaki oleh orang tsb.
Perintah Tak Bersyarat adalah perintah yg dilaksanakan begitu saja tanpa syarat apapun, yaitu tanpa mengharapkan akibatnya, atau tanpa mempedulikan apakah akibatnya tercapai dan berguna bagi orang tsb atau tidak.
Teori Hak
Dalam pemikiran moral dewasa ini barangkali teori hak ini adalah pendekatan yang paling banyak dipakai untuk mengevaluasi baik buruknya suatu perbuatan atau perilaku.
Teori Hak merupakan suatu aspek dari teori deontologi, karena berkaitan dengan kewajiban. Hak dan kewajiban bagaikan dua sisi uang logam yang sama. Hak didasarkan atas martabat manusia dan martabat semua manusia itu sama. Karena itu hak sangat cocok dengan suasana pemikiran demokratis.
Teori Keutamaan (Virtue)
memandang sikap atau akhlak seseorang.
Tidak ditanyakan apakah suatu perbuatan tertentu adil, atau jujur, atau murah hati dan sebagainya.
Keutamaan bisa didefinisikan sebagai berikut : disposisi watak yang telah diperoleh seseorang dan memungkinkan dia untuk bertingkah laku baik secara moral.
Contoh keutamaan :
a. Kebijaksanaan
b. Keadilan
c. Suka bekerja keras
d. Hidup yang baik
Keutamaan yang harus menandai pebisnis perorangan bisa disebut : kejujuran, fairness, kepercayaan dan keuletan. Keempat keutamaan ini berkaitan erat satu sama lain dan kadang-kadang malah ada tumpang tindih di antaranya.
Fairness : kesediaan untuk memberikan apa yang wajar kepada semua orang dan dengan wajar dimaksudkan apa yang bisa disetujui oleh semua pihak yang terlibat dalam suatu transaksi.
Keutamaan-keutamaan yang dimilliki manajer dan karyawan sejauh mereka mewakili perusahaan, adalah : Keramahan, Loyalitas, Kehormatan dan Rasa malu.
Keramahan merupakan inti kehidupan bisnis, keramahan itu hakiki untuk setiap hubungan antar manusia, hubungan bisnis tidak terkecuali.
Loyalitas berarti bahwa karyawan tidak bekerja semata-mata untuk mendapat gaji, tetapi mempunyai juga komitmen yang tulus dengan perusahaan.
Kehormatan adalah keutamaan yang membuat karyawan menjadi peka terhadap suka dan duka serta sukses dan kegagalan perusahaan.
Rasa malu membuat karyawan solider dengan kesalahan perusahaan.
2. Tuliskan contoh etika umum yang berlaku di masyarakat minimal 5?
JAWAB :
Sikap terhadap sesama;
2.Etika keluarga
3.Etika profesi misalnya etika untuk pustakawan,arsiparis,dokumentalis,pialang informasi
4.Etika politik
5. Etika lingkungan hidup
3. Bagaimana pendapat saudara tentang paham hedoisme bila diterapkan pada era sekarang ini?
JAWAB :
Menurut saya paham hedonisme di era sekarang ini kurang tepat karena paham itu membolehkan segala hal untuk mencapai kebahagiaannya sendiri sedangkan di indonesia rata rata pendapatan perkapitanya masih rendah sehingga klau diterapkan hal semacam itu akan menyulitkan orang miskin yang miskin akan bertambah miskin sedangkan yang kaya akan bertambah kaya dengan menindas rakyat miskin
Kamis, 20 Oktober 2011
Rabu, 27 April 2011
perbedaan sistem pendidikan di indonesia vs amerika serikat
The Differences of Education Between Indonesia and America
Education in Indonesia is centrally on the Ministry of National Education of Indonesia (Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia/Depdiknas). Education system in Indonesia is Centralization. Education system in United State (USA) refers to from Government characteristic system in there that is federal by way of decentralization system by means of government states of America. The prominent leader of system education in there is department education federal government.
Education Instates in Indonesia just for certificate printing machine. A Lot of education department giving promise: graduate quickly, get certificate, and others. What can we hope from education like that? Maybe Ki Hajar Dewantoro will cry to look at education condition now. Not again to educated nation living (like wrote in UUD 45), but more similar with old machine which put outside product which difficult trade on the quality.
Education in Indonesia is more direct to prepare labor force "worker" now. Because worker’s think, all of the memorized given to students. And just for one thing: CERTIFICATE! Yeach, certificate, certificate, certificate that needed to find job. Idealism for change this condition, for teach living philosophy, and to teach the morality is limited.
Now, Education in Indonesia is very expensive. Yeach, poor people can’t enter in school! But that is the fact. “School must expensive”, that is stigma which planted in our think. Is it right??? That is not right; they who talk like that never see the condition. America, Malaysia, in fact Cuba can make their education very cheap. Likely, the most important for education just get certificate for find the job. Although, Education’s aim is building individually morality and knowledge.
In Indonesia, Ujian Akhir Nasional (UAN) became the controversy. Because UAN valuable ‘cut off’ the students who did not graduate. Other that, UAN as if requirement to graduate became ghost which frighten whoever: students, parent, and teacher.
Different with America, if students can not exhausted standard value, school can not became that reason did not graduate. Students can take next level or continuo their study. But, their must correct their value like make time for study.
This wisdom is suitable with USA consistency to become their education as human right. On January, 8th 2001, President George W Bush validated The Education Principal with name "No Child Left behind Act". All of education system in USA and than clarified with other ways for all child.
Although that, in society still did not satisfied. Like example in New York stage, there are any accusations for donation educations system more focus to child which disable. The judge declared New York is not equitable in donation education and they must make new principal which give donation more for education.
I ever read article in Internet, “Education in Indonesia is dictator education”. As we know, students must graduate from their examination to continuo their study. Moreover, the teacher never appraises and doesn’t give freedom to express their think. Students must obedient to education curriculums which hold on textbook and material to be memorize.
Different with education in America, Students get freedom for choose the lesson and students can to express all of thing which in their think. In USA, the teachers are appraising the argument without restrict the students’ creativities. With the result that students very likely go to school and very likely to do assignment from school which interest. In there every student accepted with differences and little skill appraised, with the result that students can motives for study. Creativities and initiatives is appraise, simple and strange their initiative. Motives for study develop with better, also thinking skills, initiatives, and creativities. Maybe that is making America different with Indonesia.
Education in Indonesia is centrally on the Ministry of National Education of Indonesia (Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia/Depdiknas). Education system in Indonesia is Centralization. Education system in United State (USA) refers to from Government characteristic system in there that is federal by way of decentralization system by means of government states of America. The prominent leader of system education in there is department education federal government.
Education Instates in Indonesia just for certificate printing machine. A Lot of education department giving promise: graduate quickly, get certificate, and others. What can we hope from education like that? Maybe Ki Hajar Dewantoro will cry to look at education condition now. Not again to educated nation living (like wrote in UUD 45), but more similar with old machine which put outside product which difficult trade on the quality.
Education in Indonesia is more direct to prepare labor force "worker" now. Because worker’s think, all of the memorized given to students. And just for one thing: CERTIFICATE! Yeach, certificate, certificate, certificate that needed to find job. Idealism for change this condition, for teach living philosophy, and to teach the morality is limited.
Now, Education in Indonesia is very expensive. Yeach, poor people can’t enter in school! But that is the fact. “School must expensive”, that is stigma which planted in our think. Is it right??? That is not right; they who talk like that never see the condition. America, Malaysia, in fact Cuba can make their education very cheap. Likely, the most important for education just get certificate for find the job. Although, Education’s aim is building individually morality and knowledge.
In Indonesia, Ujian Akhir Nasional (UAN) became the controversy. Because UAN valuable ‘cut off’ the students who did not graduate. Other that, UAN as if requirement to graduate became ghost which frighten whoever: students, parent, and teacher.
Different with America, if students can not exhausted standard value, school can not became that reason did not graduate. Students can take next level or continuo their study. But, their must correct their value like make time for study.
This wisdom is suitable with USA consistency to become their education as human right. On January, 8th 2001, President George W Bush validated The Education Principal with name "No Child Left behind Act". All of education system in USA and than clarified with other ways for all child.
Although that, in society still did not satisfied. Like example in New York stage, there are any accusations for donation educations system more focus to child which disable. The judge declared New York is not equitable in donation education and they must make new principal which give donation more for education.
I ever read article in Internet, “Education in Indonesia is dictator education”. As we know, students must graduate from their examination to continuo their study. Moreover, the teacher never appraises and doesn’t give freedom to express their think. Students must obedient to education curriculums which hold on textbook and material to be memorize.
Different with education in America, Students get freedom for choose the lesson and students can to express all of thing which in their think. In USA, the teachers are appraising the argument without restrict the students’ creativities. With the result that students very likely go to school and very likely to do assignment from school which interest. In there every student accepted with differences and little skill appraised, with the result that students can motives for study. Creativities and initiatives is appraise, simple and strange their initiative. Motives for study develop with better, also thinking skills, initiatives, and creativities. Maybe that is making America different with Indonesia.
Rabu, 09 Maret 2011
SEJARAH TOEFL
SEJARAH TOEFL
TOEFL adalah singkatan dari Test Of English as a Foreign language. Toefl merupakan sebuah test yang digunakan untuk mengetahui kemampuan seseorang dalam berbahsa inggris. Test toefl berawal dari sebuah proyek ferguson yang digunakana untuk mengukur kemampuan bahasa pegawai pemerintah dan mahasiswa dan sejak tahun 1960-an, tes TOEFL telah dikelola oleh Educational Testing Service (ETS), sebuah organisasi standar-pengujian internasional.
Test toefl terdiri dari test membaca, menulis , mendengarkan dan berbicara. Dulu test toefl hanya berbasis test kertas dan test komputer, namun sejak tahun 2005 test berbasis internet telah banyak menggantikan 2 test terdahulu tersebut.
Waktu yang diberlakukan untuk tes TOEFL secara keseluruhan kurang lebih 150 menit, untuk Paper and Pencil Based TOEFL, dan sekitar 240 menit untuk Computer Based TOEFL. Waktu untuk Computer Based TOEFL ini relatif lama karena sudah termasuk prosedur tutorial.
Tes TOEFL adalah merek dagang terdaftar dari Educational Testing Service (ETS) dan diberikan di seluruh dunia. Tes ini pertama kali diberikan pada tahun 1964 dan sejak itu telah diambil oleh lebih dari 23 juta siswa. Tes awalnya dikembangkan di Pusat Linguistik Terapan dipimpin oleh ahli bahasa, Dr Charles A. Ferguson.
Komite TOEFL Penguji terdiri dari 12 spesialis dalam linguistik, pengujian bahasa, pengajaran atau penelitian. Tanggung jawab utamanya adalah untuk memberi nasehat tentang isi tes TOEFL. Komite ini membantu memastikan tes adalah ukuran yang valid kemampuan berbahasa Inggris mencerminkan tren saat ini dan metodologi.
Latar belakang
Berbasis di Washington, DC, Pusat Linguistik Terapan (CAL) adalah sebuah organisasi nirlaba yang berkomitmen untuk meneliti hubungan antara bahasa dan budaya Didirikan pada tahun 1959, direktur pertama adalah Charles A. Ferguson (1921-1998, yang telah diberikan program serupa di Timur Tengah dan mengajar sebagai profesor di Universitas Harvard. Ferguson dipandu pusat untuk mengembangkan solusi praktis untuk bahasa diterapkan dan keprihatinan keaksaraan pemerintah internasional dan nasional. Asal Salah satu proyek awal Ferguson adalah untuk mengembangkan tes yang akan mengukur perintah bahasa yang ESL (Bahasa Inggris-as-a-Second-Language) mahasiswa dan pegawai pemerintah telah. Ferguson dan sesama diterapkan linguistik peneliti mengembangkan tes TOEFL selama lima tahun pertama CAL. Pada tahun 1964, resmi pertama tes TOEFL diambil di pusat.Pembangunan Sejak akhir 1960-an, tes TOEFL telah dikelola oleh Educational Testing Service (ETS), sebuah organisasi standar-pengujian internasional. Menurut ETS, antara 1964 dan 2008, 24 juta orang, sebagian besar siswa internasional, telah mengambil tes. Diperkenalkan pada tahun 2005, ujian berbasis internet telah menggantikan format berbasis komputer dan berbasis kertas, dengan hasil berbasis komputer diperintah tidak lagi berlaku pada tahun 2006.
Sejak tahun 1998, tes TOEFL ini diadakan secara online dengan menggunakan komputer (Computer-based Testing/CBT), dan sejak tahun 2005 disebut iBT (Internet-based Test). Di tempat-tempat yang belum bisa melaksanakan CBT atau iBT (karena belum ada fasilitas komputer dan jaringan internetnya), ujian TOEFL ini masih tetap diadakan secara manual menggunakan kertas dan potlot (paper-based test atau PBT). Informasi lebih lengkap tentang tes CBT dan paper-based TOEFL berkaitan dengan pendaftaran, lokasi penyelenggaraan, biaya, dan bahan-bahan persiapan tes dapat dilihat di situs resmi TOEFL, http://www.toefl.org (hasil ujian TOEFL versi CBT mempunyai nilai berkisar antara 0 sampai 300, sementara nilai untuk iBT adalah dari 0 sampai 120) [1].
Akhir-akhir ini penyelenggara tes TOEFL juga mengadakan jenis tes TWE (Test of Written English) yang hasil nilainya terpisah dari nilai tes TOEFL. Tes ini memakan waktu selama 30 menit, dan peserta akan diminta untuk menuliskan karangan singkat yang menggambarkan mengenai kemampuan peserta untuk mengekspresikan dan menuangkan suatu gagasan atau ide, serta mendukung gagasan itu dengan contoh-contoh yang terdapat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dengan menggunakan bahasa Inggris yang standar.
Jenis tes TOEFL yang lain adalah TSEP (Test of Spoken English Program) yang mirip dengan bagian individual interview pada tes IELTS. Tes ini biasanya dipakai kalau kita ingin mendaftar sebagai asisten dosen atau asisten laboratorium (sebagai salah satu cara untuk meringankan biaya kuliah) di universias di AS (atau negara lain). Bentuk tesnya diadakan secara lisan dan berlangsung selama kurang lebih 20 menit. Waktu penyelenggaraan dan batas akhir pendaftarannya sama dengan tes TOEFL yang lain, dan biayanya kira-kira sebesar US$100.
TOEFL adalah singkatan dari Test Of English as a Foreign language. Toefl merupakan sebuah test yang digunakan untuk mengetahui kemampuan seseorang dalam berbahsa inggris. Test toefl berawal dari sebuah proyek ferguson yang digunakana untuk mengukur kemampuan bahasa pegawai pemerintah dan mahasiswa dan sejak tahun 1960-an, tes TOEFL telah dikelola oleh Educational Testing Service (ETS), sebuah organisasi standar-pengujian internasional.
Test toefl terdiri dari test membaca, menulis , mendengarkan dan berbicara. Dulu test toefl hanya berbasis test kertas dan test komputer, namun sejak tahun 2005 test berbasis internet telah banyak menggantikan 2 test terdahulu tersebut.
Waktu yang diberlakukan untuk tes TOEFL secara keseluruhan kurang lebih 150 menit, untuk Paper and Pencil Based TOEFL, dan sekitar 240 menit untuk Computer Based TOEFL. Waktu untuk Computer Based TOEFL ini relatif lama karena sudah termasuk prosedur tutorial.
Tes TOEFL adalah merek dagang terdaftar dari Educational Testing Service (ETS) dan diberikan di seluruh dunia. Tes ini pertama kali diberikan pada tahun 1964 dan sejak itu telah diambil oleh lebih dari 23 juta siswa. Tes awalnya dikembangkan di Pusat Linguistik Terapan dipimpin oleh ahli bahasa, Dr Charles A. Ferguson.
Komite TOEFL Penguji terdiri dari 12 spesialis dalam linguistik, pengujian bahasa, pengajaran atau penelitian. Tanggung jawab utamanya adalah untuk memberi nasehat tentang isi tes TOEFL. Komite ini membantu memastikan tes adalah ukuran yang valid kemampuan berbahasa Inggris mencerminkan tren saat ini dan metodologi.
Latar belakang
Berbasis di Washington, DC, Pusat Linguistik Terapan (CAL) adalah sebuah organisasi nirlaba yang berkomitmen untuk meneliti hubungan antara bahasa dan budaya Didirikan pada tahun 1959, direktur pertama adalah Charles A. Ferguson (1921-1998, yang telah diberikan program serupa di Timur Tengah dan mengajar sebagai profesor di Universitas Harvard. Ferguson dipandu pusat untuk mengembangkan solusi praktis untuk bahasa diterapkan dan keprihatinan keaksaraan pemerintah internasional dan nasional. Asal Salah satu proyek awal Ferguson adalah untuk mengembangkan tes yang akan mengukur perintah bahasa yang ESL (Bahasa Inggris-as-a-Second-Language) mahasiswa dan pegawai pemerintah telah. Ferguson dan sesama diterapkan linguistik peneliti mengembangkan tes TOEFL selama lima tahun pertama CAL. Pada tahun 1964, resmi pertama tes TOEFL diambil di pusat.Pembangunan Sejak akhir 1960-an, tes TOEFL telah dikelola oleh Educational Testing Service (ETS), sebuah organisasi standar-pengujian internasional. Menurut ETS, antara 1964 dan 2008, 24 juta orang, sebagian besar siswa internasional, telah mengambil tes. Diperkenalkan pada tahun 2005, ujian berbasis internet telah menggantikan format berbasis komputer dan berbasis kertas, dengan hasil berbasis komputer diperintah tidak lagi berlaku pada tahun 2006.
Sejak tahun 1998, tes TOEFL ini diadakan secara online dengan menggunakan komputer (Computer-based Testing/CBT), dan sejak tahun 2005 disebut iBT (Internet-based Test). Di tempat-tempat yang belum bisa melaksanakan CBT atau iBT (karena belum ada fasilitas komputer dan jaringan internetnya), ujian TOEFL ini masih tetap diadakan secara manual menggunakan kertas dan potlot (paper-based test atau PBT). Informasi lebih lengkap tentang tes CBT dan paper-based TOEFL berkaitan dengan pendaftaran, lokasi penyelenggaraan, biaya, dan bahan-bahan persiapan tes dapat dilihat di situs resmi TOEFL, http://www.toefl.org (hasil ujian TOEFL versi CBT mempunyai nilai berkisar antara 0 sampai 300, sementara nilai untuk iBT adalah dari 0 sampai 120) [1].
Akhir-akhir ini penyelenggara tes TOEFL juga mengadakan jenis tes TWE (Test of Written English) yang hasil nilainya terpisah dari nilai tes TOEFL. Tes ini memakan waktu selama 30 menit, dan peserta akan diminta untuk menuliskan karangan singkat yang menggambarkan mengenai kemampuan peserta untuk mengekspresikan dan menuangkan suatu gagasan atau ide, serta mendukung gagasan itu dengan contoh-contoh yang terdapat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dengan menggunakan bahasa Inggris yang standar.
Jenis tes TOEFL yang lain adalah TSEP (Test of Spoken English Program) yang mirip dengan bagian individual interview pada tes IELTS. Tes ini biasanya dipakai kalau kita ingin mendaftar sebagai asisten dosen atau asisten laboratorium (sebagai salah satu cara untuk meringankan biaya kuliah) di universias di AS (atau negara lain). Bentuk tesnya diadakan secara lisan dan berlangsung selama kurang lebih 20 menit. Waktu penyelenggaraan dan batas akhir pendaftarannya sama dengan tes TOEFL yang lain, dan biayanya kira-kira sebesar US$100.
Rabu, 05 Januari 2011
complaint letters
INTRODUCE COMPLAINT LETTERS
Complaint letters are an effective way of expressing the customer’s/consumer’s dissatisfaction with a product or service. They are better than a verbal complaint as the written word always yields more power than a verbal one. Here are a few tips to help you write an effective Complaint letter:
A letter of complaint, or complaint letter, is normally written to deal with a problem situation when the product damaged and wrong. Even though you may feel angry because of several problems mentioned above, but in business correspondence you should not show by writing bad words in your complaint letter. Your letter should be polite, explain the problem clearly for example by mentioning why you are dissatisfied and hope your supplier will give you a replacement.
In the first paragraph you should identify what the issue is and any relevant information that you believe is important. Be sure to include the following information if it's applicable to the situation: the date/time of the issue, location, name of person on duty, name of product, what the problem was, your account number, model number, price, warranty information and reference number
The last paragraph should thank the reader for the time. You can also throw in some compliments about something you liked about their company's product or service.You should include your telephone number/e-mail address after your printed name so that they can contact you ASAP if necessary.
Be sure to keep a copy of the letter for yourself and include photocopies of any relevant documents and enclose them with your letter
For example complain letters
Mr. George smbel
Customer Service
SANYO Company
Boston
18rd mei, 2009.
Ref: refrigerator product
Dear George smbel,
On 3rd April, 209 I have purchased a refrigerator from your showroom. Its model no. is 185665 and bill no. is 1032. After installation it was working fine for a week but then its cooling system has broken down.
I first made a verbal complaint about the issue but no action was taken for about a week. Then again I complaint about the problem and one of your engineers came and did the inspection. He advised me to change the complete set as there was some technical problem with the cooling system which could not be fixed permanently.
Therefore, I request you to kindly change the refrigerator as it is still in the warranty period. I am enclosing the copy of the bill and other documents for your reference and hope that my request will be entertained very soon.
Thanking You,
Sincerely,
Jennifer bell
Complaint letters are an effective way of expressing the customer’s/consumer’s dissatisfaction with a product or service. They are better than a verbal complaint as the written word always yields more power than a verbal one. Here are a few tips to help you write an effective Complaint letter:
A letter of complaint, or complaint letter, is normally written to deal with a problem situation when the product damaged and wrong. Even though you may feel angry because of several problems mentioned above, but in business correspondence you should not show by writing bad words in your complaint letter. Your letter should be polite, explain the problem clearly for example by mentioning why you are dissatisfied and hope your supplier will give you a replacement.
In the first paragraph you should identify what the issue is and any relevant information that you believe is important. Be sure to include the following information if it's applicable to the situation: the date/time of the issue, location, name of person on duty, name of product, what the problem was, your account number, model number, price, warranty information and reference number
The last paragraph should thank the reader for the time. You can also throw in some compliments about something you liked about their company's product or service.You should include your telephone number/e-mail address after your printed name so that they can contact you ASAP if necessary.
Be sure to keep a copy of the letter for yourself and include photocopies of any relevant documents and enclose them with your letter
For example complain letters
Mr. George smbel
Customer Service
SANYO Company
Boston
18rd mei, 2009.
Ref: refrigerator product
Dear George smbel,
On 3rd April, 209 I have purchased a refrigerator from your showroom. Its model no. is 185665 and bill no. is 1032. After installation it was working fine for a week but then its cooling system has broken down.
I first made a verbal complaint about the issue but no action was taken for about a week. Then again I complaint about the problem and one of your engineers came and did the inspection. He advised me to change the complete set as there was some technical problem with the cooling system which could not be fixed permanently.
Therefore, I request you to kindly change the refrigerator as it is still in the warranty period. I am enclosing the copy of the bill and other documents for your reference and hope that my request will be entertained very soon.
Thanking You,
Sincerely,
Jennifer bell
Rabu, 27 Oktober 2010
letter of inquiry
letter of inquiry when we want to ask for more information concerning a product, service or other information about a product or service that interests us. These letters are often written in response to an advertisement that we have seen in the paper, a magazine, a commercial on television when we are interested in purchasing a product, but would like more information before making a decision.
Remember to place your or your company's address at the top of the letter (or use your company's letterhead) followed by the address of the company you are writing to. The date can either be placed double spaced down or to the right.
Format of a Letter of Inquiry
Follow this format in writing a letter of inquiry:
1. In the first paragraph, identify yourself and, if appropriate, your position, and your institution or firm.
2. In the second paragraph, briefly explain why you are writing and how you will use the requested information. Offer to keep the response confidential if such an offer seems reasonable.
3. List the specific information you need. You can phrase your requests as questions or as a list of specific items of information. In either case, make each item clear and discrete.
4. Conclude your letter by offering your reader some incentive for responding.
example letter of inquiry
Remember to place your or your company's address at the top of the letter (or use your company's letterhead) followed by the address of the company you are writing to. The date can either be placed double spaced down or to the right.
Format of a Letter of Inquiry
Follow this format in writing a letter of inquiry:
1. In the first paragraph, identify yourself and, if appropriate, your position, and your institution or firm.
2. In the second paragraph, briefly explain why you are writing and how you will use the requested information. Offer to keep the response confidential if such an offer seems reasonable.
3. List the specific information you need. You can phrase your requests as questions or as a list of specific items of information. In either case, make each item clear and discrete.
4. Conclude your letter by offering your reader some incentive for responding.
example letter of inquiry
Jumat, 15 Oktober 2010
5 STYLE LETTERS OF BUSINESS
1. Profesional Style Letter Business
Description
1.the heading (the retern address) or letterhead - companies usually use printed paper where heading or letterhead is specially designed at the top of the sheet. it bears all the necessary information about the organisation’s identity..
2. Date: Type the date of your letter two to six lines below the letterhead. Three are standard. If there is no letterhead, type it where shown
3. inside Address: If your stationery has a letterhead, skip this. Otherwise, type your name, address and optionally, phone number. These days, it’s common to also include an email address.
4. . Salutation: Type the recipient’s name here. Type Mr. or Ms. [Last Name] to show respect, but don’t guess spelling or gender. Some common salutations are
* Ladies:
* Gentlemen:
* Dear Sir:
* Dear Sir or Madam:
* Dear [Full Name]:
* To Whom it May Concern:
5. Body: Type two spaces between sentences. Keep it brief and to the point.
6. Complimentary Close: What you type here depends on the tone and degree of formality. For example,
* Respectfully yours (very formal)
* Sincerely (typical, less formal)
* Very truly yours (polite, neutral)
* Cordially yours (friendly, informal)
7. Signature Block: Leave four blank lines after the Complimentary Close (11) to sign your name. Sign your name exactly as you type it below your signature. Title is optional depending on relevancy and degree of formality. Examples are
* John Doe, Manager
* P. Smith
Director, Technical Support
* R. T. Jones – Sr. Field Engineer
8. Identification Initials: If someone typed the letter for you, he or she would typically include three of your initials in all uppercase characters, then two of his or hers in all lowercase characters. If you typed your own letter, just skip it since your name is already in the Signature Block (12). Common styles are below.
• JAD/cm
• JAD:cm
• clm
2. STANDART LETTER BUSINESS
description
1. Address: if your stationery has a letterhead, skip this. Otherwise, type your name, address and optionally, phone number. These days, it's common to also include an email address
.
2. Title - companies usually use printed paper where heading or letterhead is specially designed at the top of the sheet. it bears all the necessary information about the organisation’s identity
3. Attention Type the recipient’s name here. Type Mr. or Ms. [Last Name] to show respect, but don’t guess spelling or gender. Some common salutations are
* Ladies:
* Gentlemen:
* Dear Sir:
* Dear Sir or Madam:
* Dear [Full Name]:
* To Whom it May Concern:
4. Initials : If someone typed the letter for you, he or she would typically include three of your initials in all uppercase characters, then two of his or hers in all lowercase characters. If you typed your own letter, just skip it since your name is already in the Signature Block (12). Common styles are below.
• JAD/cm
• JAD:cm
• clm
3. SEMI BLOCK LETTERS OF BUSINESS
DESCRIPTION
SEMI BLOCK STYLE
[YOUR NAME]
[STREET • CITY • STATE • ZIP CODE] (1)
[PHONE # • FAX PHONE # • MESSAGES PHONE # • EMAIL]
&NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; [DATE TODAY] (2)
RE: [TO WHAT THIS LETTER REFERS] (3)
[CERTIFIED MAIL] (4)
[PERSONAL] (5)
[RECIPIENT’S NAME] &NB SP; (6)
[COMPANY NAME]
[ADDRESS]
[ADDRESS]
ATTENTION [RECIPIENT’S NAME] (7)
DEAR [RECIPIENT'S NAME] (8)
[SUBJECT] (9)
THE MAIN CHARACTERISTIC OF MODIFIED BLOCK BUSINESS LETTERS IS THAT EVERYTHING IS FLUSH WITH THE LEFT MARGIN, EXCEPT AS SHOWN. MODIFIED BLOCK LETTERS ARE A LITTLE LESS FORMAL THAN FULL BLOCK LETTERS. (10)
IF YOUR LETTER IS ONLY ONE PAGE, TYPE THE COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE AND OPTIONAL COMPONENTS AS SHOWN BELOW. OTHERWISE, TYPE THEM ON THE LAST PAGE OF YOUR LETTER.
&NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; SINCERELY, (11)
&NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; [SIGNATURE] (12)
&NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; [YOUR NAME, TITLE]
[IDENTIFICATION INITIALS] (13)
ENCLOSURES: [NUMBER] (14)
CC: [NAME FOR COPY] &NB SP; (15)
[NAME FOR COPY]
4. FULL BLOCK LETTERS OF BUSINESS
DESCRIPTION
1. Return Address: If your stationery has a letterhead, skip this. Otherwise, type your name, address and optionally, phone number. These days, it's common to also include an email address.
2. Date: Type the date of your letter two to six lines below the letterhead. Three are standard. If there is no letterhead, type it where shown.
3. Reference Line: If the recipient specifically requests information, such as a job reference or invoice number, type it on one or two lines, immediately below the Date (2). If you're replying to a letter, refer to it here. For example,
• Re: Job # 625-01
• Re: Your letter dated 1/1/200x.
4. Special Mailing Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate. Examples include
• SPECIAL DELIVERY
• CERTIFIED MAIL
• AIRMAIL
5. On-Arrival Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate. You might want to include a notation on private correspondence, such as a resignation letter. Include the same on the envelope. Examples are
• PERSONAL
• CONFIDENTIAL
6. Inside Address: Type the name and address of the person and/or company to whom you're sending the letter, three to eight lines below the last component you typed. Four lines are standard. If you type an Attention Line (7), skip the person's name here. Do the same on the envelope.
7. Attention Line: Type the name of the person to whom you're sending the letter. If you type the person's name in the Inside Address (6), skip this. Do the same on the envelope.
8. Salutation: Type the recipient's name here. Type Mr. or Ms. [Last Name] to show respect, but don't guess spelling or gender. Some common salutations are
• Ladies:
• Gentlemen:
• Dear Sir:
• Dear Sir or Madam:
• Dear [Full Name]:
• To Whom it May Concern:
9. Subject Line: Type the gist of your letter in all uppercase characters, either flush left or centered. Be concise on one line. If you type a Reference Line (3), consider if you really need this line. While it's not really necessary for most employment-related letters, examples are below.
• SUBJECT: RESIGNATION
• LETTER OF REFERENCE
• JOB INQUIRY
10. Body: Type two spaces between sentences. Keep it brief and to the point.
11. Complimentary Close: What you type here depends on the tone and degree of formality. For example,
• Respectfully yours (very formal)
• Sincerely (typical, less formal)
• Very truly yours (polite, neutral)
• Cordially yours (friendly, informal)
12. Signature Block: Leave four blank lines after the Complimentary Close (11) to sign your name. Sign your name exactly as you type it below your signature. Title is optional depending on relevancy and degree of formality. Examples are
• John Doe, Manager
• P. Smith
Director, Technical Support
• R. T. Jones - Sr. Field Engineer
13. Identification Initials: If someone typed the letter for you, he or she would typically include three of your initials in all uppercase characters, then two of his or hers in all lowercase characters. If you typed your own letter, just skip it since your name is already in the Signature Block (12). Common styles are below.
• JAD/cm
• JAD:cm
• clm
14. Enclosure Notation: This line tells the reader to look in the envelope for more. Type the singular for only one enclosure, plural for more. If you don't enclose anything, skip it. Common styles are below.
• Enclosure
• Enclosures: 3
• Enclosures (3)
15. cc: Stands for courtesy copies (formerly carbon copies). List the names of people to whom you distribute copies, in alphabetical order. If addresses would be useful to the recipient of the letter, include them. If you don't copy your letter to anyone, skip it.
5. BLOCK STYLE LETTERS OF BUSINESS
DESCRIPTION
1. Heading: Type the recipient’s name, page number, and Date and Reference Line from page 1. Type the heading across the page as shown, or type it flush with the left margin as in a full block letter. If you don’t know the recipient’s name, type the same thing as you did in the Inside Address on page 1; e.g., the company name.
2. Body: Indent the first sentence in paragraphs five spaces. Type two spaces between sentences. Keep it brief and to the point.
3. Complimentary Close: Type this five spaces to the right of center as shown on page 1, or right justify it with the date if you typed the Heading (1) across the page, as shown above. What you type here depends on the tone and degree of formality. For example,
* Respectfully yours (very formal)
* Sincerely (typical, less formal)
* Very truly yours (polite, neutral)
* Cordially yours (friendly, informal)
4. Signature Block: Leave four blank lines after the Complimentary Close (3) to sign your name. Sign your name exactly as you type it below your signature. Title is optional depending on relevancy and degree of formality. Examples are
* John Doe, Manager
* P. Smith
Director, Technical Support
* R. T. Jones – Sr. Field Engineer
5. Identification Initials: If someone typed the letter for you, he or she would typically include three of your initials in all uppercase characters, then two of his or hers in all lowercase characters. If you typed it, just skip it since your name is already in the Signature Block (4). Common styles are below.
* JAD/cm
* JAD:cm
* clm
6. Enclosure Notation: This line tells the reader to look in the envelope for more documents. Type the singular for only one enclosure, plural for more. If you don’t enclose anything, skip it. Common styles are below.
* Enclosure
* Enclosures: 3
* Enclosures (3)
7. cc: Stands for courtesy copies (formerly carbon copies). List the names of people to whom you distribute copies, in alphabetical order. If addresses would be useful to the recipient of the letter, include them. If you don’t copy your letter to anyone, skip it.
Description
1.the heading (the retern address) or letterhead - companies usually use printed paper where heading or letterhead is specially designed at the top of the sheet. it bears all the necessary information about the organisation’s identity..
2. Date: Type the date of your letter two to six lines below the letterhead. Three are standard. If there is no letterhead, type it where shown
3. inside Address: If your stationery has a letterhead, skip this. Otherwise, type your name, address and optionally, phone number. These days, it’s common to also include an email address.
4. . Salutation: Type the recipient’s name here. Type Mr. or Ms. [Last Name] to show respect, but don’t guess spelling or gender. Some common salutations are
* Ladies:
* Gentlemen:
* Dear Sir:
* Dear Sir or Madam:
* Dear [Full Name]:
* To Whom it May Concern:
5. Body: Type two spaces between sentences. Keep it brief and to the point.
6. Complimentary Close: What you type here depends on the tone and degree of formality. For example,
* Respectfully yours (very formal)
* Sincerely (typical, less formal)
* Very truly yours (polite, neutral)
* Cordially yours (friendly, informal)
7. Signature Block: Leave four blank lines after the Complimentary Close (11) to sign your name. Sign your name exactly as you type it below your signature. Title is optional depending on relevancy and degree of formality. Examples are
* John Doe, Manager
* P. Smith
Director, Technical Support
* R. T. Jones – Sr. Field Engineer
8. Identification Initials: If someone typed the letter for you, he or she would typically include three of your initials in all uppercase characters, then two of his or hers in all lowercase characters. If you typed your own letter, just skip it since your name is already in the Signature Block (12). Common styles are below.
• JAD/cm
• JAD:cm
• clm
2. STANDART LETTER BUSINESS
description
1. Address: if your stationery has a letterhead, skip this. Otherwise, type your name, address and optionally, phone number. These days, it's common to also include an email address
.
2. Title - companies usually use printed paper where heading or letterhead is specially designed at the top of the sheet. it bears all the necessary information about the organisation’s identity
3. Attention Type the recipient’s name here. Type Mr. or Ms. [Last Name] to show respect, but don’t guess spelling or gender. Some common salutations are
* Ladies:
* Gentlemen:
* Dear Sir:
* Dear Sir or Madam:
* Dear [Full Name]:
* To Whom it May Concern:
4. Initials : If someone typed the letter for you, he or she would typically include three of your initials in all uppercase characters, then two of his or hers in all lowercase characters. If you typed your own letter, just skip it since your name is already in the Signature Block (12). Common styles are below.
• JAD/cm
• JAD:cm
• clm
3. SEMI BLOCK LETTERS OF BUSINESS
DESCRIPTION
SEMI BLOCK STYLE
[YOUR NAME]
[STREET • CITY • STATE • ZIP CODE] (1)
[PHONE # • FAX PHONE # • MESSAGES PHONE # • EMAIL]
&NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; [DATE TODAY] (2)
RE: [TO WHAT THIS LETTER REFERS] (3)
[CERTIFIED MAIL] (4)
[PERSONAL] (5)
[RECIPIENT’S NAME] &NB SP; (6)
[COMPANY NAME]
[ADDRESS]
[ADDRESS]
ATTENTION [RECIPIENT’S NAME] (7)
DEAR [RECIPIENT'S NAME] (8)
[SUBJECT] (9)
THE MAIN CHARACTERISTIC OF MODIFIED BLOCK BUSINESS LETTERS IS THAT EVERYTHING IS FLUSH WITH THE LEFT MARGIN, EXCEPT AS SHOWN. MODIFIED BLOCK LETTERS ARE A LITTLE LESS FORMAL THAN FULL BLOCK LETTERS. (10)
IF YOUR LETTER IS ONLY ONE PAGE, TYPE THE COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE AND OPTIONAL COMPONENTS AS SHOWN BELOW. OTHERWISE, TYPE THEM ON THE LAST PAGE OF YOUR LETTER.
&NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; SINCERELY, (11)
&NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; [SIGNATURE] (12)
&NB SP; &NB SP; &NB SP; [YOUR NAME, TITLE]
[IDENTIFICATION INITIALS] (13)
ENCLOSURES: [NUMBER] (14)
CC: [NAME FOR COPY] &NB SP; (15)
[NAME FOR COPY]
4. FULL BLOCK LETTERS OF BUSINESS
DESCRIPTION
1. Return Address: If your stationery has a letterhead, skip this. Otherwise, type your name, address and optionally, phone number. These days, it's common to also include an email address.
2. Date: Type the date of your letter two to six lines below the letterhead. Three are standard. If there is no letterhead, type it where shown.
3. Reference Line: If the recipient specifically requests information, such as a job reference or invoice number, type it on one or two lines, immediately below the Date (2). If you're replying to a letter, refer to it here. For example,
• Re: Job # 625-01
• Re: Your letter dated 1/1/200x.
4. Special Mailing Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate. Examples include
• SPECIAL DELIVERY
• CERTIFIED MAIL
• AIRMAIL
5. On-Arrival Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate. You might want to include a notation on private correspondence, such as a resignation letter. Include the same on the envelope. Examples are
• PERSONAL
• CONFIDENTIAL
6. Inside Address: Type the name and address of the person and/or company to whom you're sending the letter, three to eight lines below the last component you typed. Four lines are standard. If you type an Attention Line (7), skip the person's name here. Do the same on the envelope.
7. Attention Line: Type the name of the person to whom you're sending the letter. If you type the person's name in the Inside Address (6), skip this. Do the same on the envelope.
8. Salutation: Type the recipient's name here. Type Mr. or Ms. [Last Name] to show respect, but don't guess spelling or gender. Some common salutations are
• Ladies:
• Gentlemen:
• Dear Sir:
• Dear Sir or Madam:
• Dear [Full Name]:
• To Whom it May Concern:
9. Subject Line: Type the gist of your letter in all uppercase characters, either flush left or centered. Be concise on one line. If you type a Reference Line (3), consider if you really need this line. While it's not really necessary for most employment-related letters, examples are below.
• SUBJECT: RESIGNATION
• LETTER OF REFERENCE
• JOB INQUIRY
10. Body: Type two spaces between sentences. Keep it brief and to the point.
11. Complimentary Close: What you type here depends on the tone and degree of formality. For example,
• Respectfully yours (very formal)
• Sincerely (typical, less formal)
• Very truly yours (polite, neutral)
• Cordially yours (friendly, informal)
12. Signature Block: Leave four blank lines after the Complimentary Close (11) to sign your name. Sign your name exactly as you type it below your signature. Title is optional depending on relevancy and degree of formality. Examples are
• John Doe, Manager
• P. Smith
Director, Technical Support
• R. T. Jones - Sr. Field Engineer
13. Identification Initials: If someone typed the letter for you, he or she would typically include three of your initials in all uppercase characters, then two of his or hers in all lowercase characters. If you typed your own letter, just skip it since your name is already in the Signature Block (12). Common styles are below.
• JAD/cm
• JAD:cm
• clm
14. Enclosure Notation: This line tells the reader to look in the envelope for more. Type the singular for only one enclosure, plural for more. If you don't enclose anything, skip it. Common styles are below.
• Enclosure
• Enclosures: 3
• Enclosures (3)
15. cc: Stands for courtesy copies (formerly carbon copies). List the names of people to whom you distribute copies, in alphabetical order. If addresses would be useful to the recipient of the letter, include them. If you don't copy your letter to anyone, skip it.
5. BLOCK STYLE LETTERS OF BUSINESS
DESCRIPTION
1. Heading: Type the recipient’s name, page number, and Date and Reference Line from page 1. Type the heading across the page as shown, or type it flush with the left margin as in a full block letter. If you don’t know the recipient’s name, type the same thing as you did in the Inside Address on page 1; e.g., the company name.
2. Body: Indent the first sentence in paragraphs five spaces. Type two spaces between sentences. Keep it brief and to the point.
3. Complimentary Close: Type this five spaces to the right of center as shown on page 1, or right justify it with the date if you typed the Heading (1) across the page, as shown above. What you type here depends on the tone and degree of formality. For example,
* Respectfully yours (very formal)
* Sincerely (typical, less formal)
* Very truly yours (polite, neutral)
* Cordially yours (friendly, informal)
4. Signature Block: Leave four blank lines after the Complimentary Close (3) to sign your name. Sign your name exactly as you type it below your signature. Title is optional depending on relevancy and degree of formality. Examples are
* John Doe, Manager
* P. Smith
Director, Technical Support
* R. T. Jones – Sr. Field Engineer
5. Identification Initials: If someone typed the letter for you, he or she would typically include three of your initials in all uppercase characters, then two of his or hers in all lowercase characters. If you typed it, just skip it since your name is already in the Signature Block (4). Common styles are below.
* JAD/cm
* JAD:cm
* clm
6. Enclosure Notation: This line tells the reader to look in the envelope for more documents. Type the singular for only one enclosure, plural for more. If you don’t enclose anything, skip it. Common styles are below.
* Enclosure
* Enclosures: 3
* Enclosures (3)
7. cc: Stands for courtesy copies (formerly carbon copies). List the names of people to whom you distribute copies, in alphabetical order. If addresses would be useful to the recipient of the letter, include them. If you don’t copy your letter to anyone, skip it.
Kamis, 03 Juni 2010
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Daftar pustaka (bibliografi) merupakan sebuah daftar yang berisi judul buku-buku, artikel-artikel, dan bahan-bahan penerbitan lainnya, yang mempunyai pertalian dengan sebuah karangan (contohnya: thesis). Melalui daftar pustaka yang disertakan pada akhir tulisan, para pembaca dapat melihat kembali pada sumber aslinya.
Fungsi Daftar Pustaka
_ Untuk memberikan informasi bahwa pernyataan dalam karangan itu bukan hasil pemikiran penulis sendiri, tapi hasil pemikiran orang lain.
_ Untuk memberikan informasi selengkapnya tentang sumber kutipan sehingga dapat ditelusuri bila perlu
_ Apabila pembaca berkehendak mendalami lebih jauh pernyataan yang dikutip, dapat membaca sendiri referensi yang menjadi sumber kutipan
aturan tata cara penulisan daftar pustaka sebagai berikut:
1. Penulis perorangan : nama penulis (disusun balik), tahun terbit, judul buku (cetak miring atau garisbawahi), edisi dan volume, nama penerbit, tempat penerbit (kota), halaman yang dibaca
2. Kumpulan karangan beberapa penulis dengan editor : nama penulis (disusun balik), tahun terbit, judul karangan . Bab diikuti kata “dalam” atau “in”, judul buku (cetak miring atau garisbawahi), nama editor, edisi, nama penerbit, tempat penerbit (kota)
3. Buku yang ditulis/dibuat oleh lembaga : nama lembaga, tahun terbit, judul buku (cetak miring atau garisbawahi), edisi dan volume, nama penerbit, tempat penerbit (kota), halaman yang dibaca
4. Buku terjemahan : nama penulis (disusun balik), tahun terbit, judul buku (cetak miring atau garisbawahi), penerjemah, nama penerbit, tempat penerbit (kota), halaman yang dibaca
5. Artikel yang disusun oleh penulis : nama penulis (disusun balik), tahun terbit, judul artikel, nama majalah/jurnal (cetak miring atau garisbawahi), volume majalah/jurnal diikuti tanda “:”, halaman yang dibaca
6. Artikel yang disusun oleh lembaga : nama lembaga, tahun terbit, judul artikel, nama majalah/jurnal (cetak miring atau garisbawahi), volume majalah/jurnal diikuti tanda “:”, halaman yang dibaca
7. Kelompok makalah / informasi dari Internet (apabila ada nama penulis) : nama penulis (disusun balik), tahun penyajian, judul makalah / informasi, alamat Internet
8. Kelompok makalah / informasi dari Internet (apabila tidak ada nama penulis) : nama lembaga yang menulis, tahun penyajian, judul makalah / informasi, alamat Internet
Jenis-jenis Daftar Pustaka
_ Kelompok Textbook
_ Penulis perorangan
_ Kumpulan karangan beberapa penulis dengan editor
_ Buku yang ditulis / dibuat oleh lembaga
_ Buku terjemahan
_ Kelompok Jurnal
_ Artikel yang disusun oleh penulis
_ Artikel yang disusun oleh lembaga
_ Kelompok makalah yang diresentasikan dalam seminar / konferensi /
simposium
_ Kelompok disertasi / tesis
_ Kelompok makalah / informasi dari Internet
Unsur-unsur pokok daftar pustaka adalah sebagai berikut:
A. Buku sebagai Bahan Referensi
1) Nama pengarang, diurutkan berdasarkan huruf abjad (alfabetis). Jika nama pengarang lebih dari dua penggal nama terakhir didahulukan atau dibalik.
2) Tahun terbit buku, didahulukan tahun yang lebih awal jika buku dikarang oleh penulis yang sama.
3) Judul buku, dimiringkan tulisannya atau digaris bawahi.
4) Data publikasi, penerbit, dan tempat terbit.
5) DAFTAR PUSTAKA ditulis dengan huruf kapital semua dan menempati posisi paling atas pada halaman yang terpisah.
B. Rujukan dari Internet Berupa Artikel dari Jurnal
Nama penulis di tulis seperti rujukan dari bahan cetak, diikuti oleh tahun, judul karya (dicetak miring) dengan diberikan keterangan dalam kurung (Online), volume dan nomor, dan diakhiri dengan alamat sumber rujukan tersebut disertai dengan keterangan kapan diakses, diantara tanda kurung.
Contoh:
Kumaidi. 1998. Pengukuran Bekal Awal Belajar dan Pengembangan Tesnya. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, (Online), jilid 5, No 4, (http://www.malang.ac.id, diakses 20 Januari 2000).
C. Rujukan dari Internet Berupa E-mail Pribadi
Nama pengirim (jika ada) disertai keterangan dalam kurung (alamat e-mail pengirim), diikuti oleh tanggal, bulan, tahun, topik isi bahan (dicetak miring), nama yang dikirimi disertai keterangan dalam kurung (alamat e-mail yang dikirim).
Misalnya :
• Davis, A. (a.davis @uwts.edu.au). 10 Juni 1996. Learning to Use Web Authoring Tolls. Email kepada Alison Hunter (huntera @usq.edu.au).
• Mulya, Hamdani. (mulyahamdani @yahoo.com). 15 Oktober 2009. Teknik Menulis Karya Ilmiah. Email kepada Redaktur Majalah Santunan Jadid
Fungsi Daftar Pustaka
_ Untuk memberikan informasi bahwa pernyataan dalam karangan itu bukan hasil pemikiran penulis sendiri, tapi hasil pemikiran orang lain.
_ Untuk memberikan informasi selengkapnya tentang sumber kutipan sehingga dapat ditelusuri bila perlu
_ Apabila pembaca berkehendak mendalami lebih jauh pernyataan yang dikutip, dapat membaca sendiri referensi yang menjadi sumber kutipan
aturan tata cara penulisan daftar pustaka sebagai berikut:
1. Penulis perorangan : nama penulis (disusun balik), tahun terbit, judul buku (cetak miring atau garisbawahi), edisi dan volume, nama penerbit, tempat penerbit (kota), halaman yang dibaca
2. Kumpulan karangan beberapa penulis dengan editor : nama penulis (disusun balik), tahun terbit, judul karangan . Bab diikuti kata “dalam” atau “in”, judul buku (cetak miring atau garisbawahi), nama editor, edisi, nama penerbit, tempat penerbit (kota)
3. Buku yang ditulis/dibuat oleh lembaga : nama lembaga, tahun terbit, judul buku (cetak miring atau garisbawahi), edisi dan volume, nama penerbit, tempat penerbit (kota), halaman yang dibaca
4. Buku terjemahan : nama penulis (disusun balik), tahun terbit, judul buku (cetak miring atau garisbawahi), penerjemah, nama penerbit, tempat penerbit (kota), halaman yang dibaca
5. Artikel yang disusun oleh penulis : nama penulis (disusun balik), tahun terbit, judul artikel, nama majalah/jurnal (cetak miring atau garisbawahi), volume majalah/jurnal diikuti tanda “:”, halaman yang dibaca
6. Artikel yang disusun oleh lembaga : nama lembaga, tahun terbit, judul artikel, nama majalah/jurnal (cetak miring atau garisbawahi), volume majalah/jurnal diikuti tanda “:”, halaman yang dibaca
7. Kelompok makalah / informasi dari Internet (apabila ada nama penulis) : nama penulis (disusun balik), tahun penyajian, judul makalah / informasi, alamat Internet
8. Kelompok makalah / informasi dari Internet (apabila tidak ada nama penulis) : nama lembaga yang menulis, tahun penyajian, judul makalah / informasi, alamat Internet
Jenis-jenis Daftar Pustaka
_ Kelompok Textbook
_ Penulis perorangan
_ Kumpulan karangan beberapa penulis dengan editor
_ Buku yang ditulis / dibuat oleh lembaga
_ Buku terjemahan
_ Kelompok Jurnal
_ Artikel yang disusun oleh penulis
_ Artikel yang disusun oleh lembaga
_ Kelompok makalah yang diresentasikan dalam seminar / konferensi /
simposium
_ Kelompok disertasi / tesis
_ Kelompok makalah / informasi dari Internet
Unsur-unsur pokok daftar pustaka adalah sebagai berikut:
A. Buku sebagai Bahan Referensi
1) Nama pengarang, diurutkan berdasarkan huruf abjad (alfabetis). Jika nama pengarang lebih dari dua penggal nama terakhir didahulukan atau dibalik.
2) Tahun terbit buku, didahulukan tahun yang lebih awal jika buku dikarang oleh penulis yang sama.
3) Judul buku, dimiringkan tulisannya atau digaris bawahi.
4) Data publikasi, penerbit, dan tempat terbit.
5) DAFTAR PUSTAKA ditulis dengan huruf kapital semua dan menempati posisi paling atas pada halaman yang terpisah.
B. Rujukan dari Internet Berupa Artikel dari Jurnal
Nama penulis di tulis seperti rujukan dari bahan cetak, diikuti oleh tahun, judul karya (dicetak miring) dengan diberikan keterangan dalam kurung (Online), volume dan nomor, dan diakhiri dengan alamat sumber rujukan tersebut disertai dengan keterangan kapan diakses, diantara tanda kurung.
Contoh:
Kumaidi. 1998. Pengukuran Bekal Awal Belajar dan Pengembangan Tesnya. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, (Online), jilid 5, No 4, (http://www.malang.ac.id, diakses 20 Januari 2000).
C. Rujukan dari Internet Berupa E-mail Pribadi
Nama pengirim (jika ada) disertai keterangan dalam kurung (alamat e-mail pengirim), diikuti oleh tanggal, bulan, tahun, topik isi bahan (dicetak miring), nama yang dikirimi disertai keterangan dalam kurung (alamat e-mail yang dikirim).
Misalnya :
• Davis, A. (a.davis @uwts.edu.au). 10 Juni 1996. Learning to Use Web Authoring Tolls. Email kepada Alison Hunter (huntera @usq.edu.au).
• Mulya, Hamdani. (mulyahamdani @yahoo.com). 15 Oktober 2009. Teknik Menulis Karya Ilmiah. Email kepada Redaktur Majalah Santunan Jadid
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